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5/10/13

Findings Contrary to Hypotheses or Popular Ideas

  • A more ‘healthful’ food environment associated with less obesity among the rich, but with higher obesity lower-income African Americans.
  • No difference in energy expenditure among children between the school year and the summer months.
  • After moderate intensity exercise, a meal with a high-fat/low-carbohydrate ratio had a less favorable metabolic impact than an isoenergetic, isoproteic low-fat/high-carbohydrate meal.
  • Candy consumption among adults not associated with adiposity or select cardiovascular risk factors.
  • RCT: No effect of magnesium supplementation on body composition and muscle strength in middle-aged overweight women.
  • RCT: A high-fibre bean-rich diet was as effective as a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss, although only the bean-rich diet lowered atherogenic lipids.
  • RCT: No effect of low sucrose diet on weight or body composition.
  • Neighborhood walkability associated with less physical activity and more obesity.
  • Adolescents who went to McDonald’s and Subway bought about the same number of calories at each, despite Subway's reputation as a healthier place.

Aging

  • Fasting and Caloric Restriction?
  • Lactobacillus salivarius strain FDB89 induced longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans by dietary restriction.
  • Young blood reverses heart decline in old mice.

Video & Audio

  • Brian Parks “A systems genetics approach to study obesity, dietary interactions, and the microbiome"
  • Radio: David Allison on Myths of Obesity.
  • Radio: Adam Drewnowski on economics and geography of obesity.

Gary Taubes Essay and Comments

  • Re: The science of obesity: what do we really know about what makes us fat?
  • Re: The science of obesity: what do we really know about what makes us fat? An essay by Gary Taubes.
  • The science of obesity: what do we really know about what makes us fat? An essay by Gary Taubes.

Surgery

  • Overweight patients achieve ideal body weight following curative gastrectomy resulting in better long-term prognosis.
  • Occipital C1-C2 neuromodulation decreases body mass and fat stores and modifies activity of the autonomic nervous system in morbidly obese patients - A pilot study 
  • Swallowable gastric balloons as an aid for weight loss: A pilot feasibility study.
  • Duodenal–jejunal bypass improves glucose metabolism and adipokine expression independently of weight loss in a diabetic rat model.

Sugar-Related

  • Gut hormone release and appetite regulation in healthy non-obese participants following oligofructose intake. A dose-escalation study. 
  • Really? most of the added sugar in our diets comes from sugary drinks.
  • Scientific review of Robert Lustig’s fat chance.
  • Reduced prevalence of obesity in children with primary fructose malabsorption: a multicentre, retrospective cohort study.
  • Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load.
  • Consumption of added sugars among U.S. adults, 2005–2010.

Stigma

  • The affective and interpersonal consequences of obesity: Weight and the stereotype content model.
  • The stigmatization of obesity among Gypsy and Hungarian children.
  • Weight bias as a function of personality, attributions and contact experiences.

Schools/Community

  • RCT: A 20-month school-based intervention on BMI shows benefit in girls, but not in boys.
  • Meta-analysis: Educational interventions are effective in treatment, but not prevention, of childhood obesity and its consequences.

Psychology

  • I know not to, but I can't help it: Weight gain and changes in impulsivity-related personality traits.
  • Different paths towards obesity: Exploring the relation between obesity and insecurity.
  • More schooling appears to reduce the risk of obesity. evidence from U.K. twins.

Policy Related

  • Consumer Understanding of Calorie Amounts and Serving Size: Implications for Nutritional Labelling.
  • Is less always more? The effects of low-fat labeling and caloric information on food intake, calorie estimates, taste preference, and health attributions.
  • An interesting NIH grant: INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY RHETORIC ON PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES IN JUDICI…
  • NEJM Editorial asserts "There is robust scientific support for various alternative strategies for presenting calorie information to consumers...."

Methods

  • Zinc-α2-glycoprotein as a marker of fat catabolism in humans.
  • Environment feature extraction and classification for Context aware Physical Activity monitoring.
  • How to investigate within-subject associations between physical activity and momentary affective states in everyday life.
  • Self-report based adolescent obesity prevalence estimates are likely biased downward because of selective non-responding.
  • A multilevel approach to estimating small area childhood obesity prevalence at the census block-group level.
  • Measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness by near-infrared.
  • Analyzing weight loss intervention studies with missing data: Which methods should be used?
  • Use of scanning electron microscopy to monitor nanofibre/cell interaction in digestive epithelial cells.
  • Modeling energy expenditure in children and adolescents using quantile regression.
  • Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey.
  • Animals in research: Zebrafish.

Gut Microbiota

  • Composition of dietary fat source shapes gut microbiota architecture and alters host inflammatory mediators in mouse adipose tissue.
  • Differences in gut microbiota composition between obese and lean children: a cross-sectional study.

Genetics

  • Genome-wide meta-analysis of observational studies shows common genetic variants associated with macronutrient intake.
  • FTO predicts weight regain in the Look AHEAD clinical trial.
  • Genome-wide association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with weight loss outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

General Science

  • Group heterogeneity increases the risks of large group size: A longitudinal study of productivity in research groups.
  • Research team developing system that could diagnose a disease simply by patients blowing into a device.
  • Incidental exposure to no-smoking signs ironically boosts cigarette-approach tendencies in smokers.
  • COPE's new Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers: background, issues, and evolution.
  • NIH Details Impact of 2013 Sequester Cuts.
  • How to stop Excel errors driving austerity economics.
  • Careful: Your big data analytics may be polluted by data scientist bias.

Food

  • Vegetables containing phytochemicals with potential anti-obesity properties: A review.
  • Mouse strain-dependent variation in obesity and glucose homeostasis in response to high-fat feeding.
  • RCT: Consumption of low-fat dairy foods for 6 months improves insulin resistance without adversely affecting lipids or bodyweight in healthy adults.
  • Control of protein and energy intake - brain mechanisms.
  • RCT: Preordering school lunch encourages better food choices by children.
  • RCT: Oatmeal shows satiety advantages over cereal in study.
  • High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet alters myocardial oxidative stress and impairs recovery of cardiac function after ischemia and reperfusion in obese rats.
  • RCT: Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in fermented milk on abdominal adiposity in adults.
  • Paleolithic diet is associated with unfavorable changes to blood lipids in healthy subjects.
  • The interactions of dietary tomato powder and soy germ on prostate carcinogenesis in the TRAMP model.

Exercise

  • Exercise and caloric restriction modulate resident immune cells in adipose tissues differently in spite of an equivalent body weight reduction.
  • Physical activity and physical activity induced energy expenditure in humans: measurement, determinants, and effects.
  • RCT: Moderate-intensity high-volume aerobic exercise produces greater improvements in sexual function, testosterone, and fat mass than smaller exercise volume.
  • More rigorous workplace physical activity studies produce weaker results: a systematic review.
  • RCT: Being active between mental work and a meal may create a negative energy balance following mental work.
  • RCT: Only combined aerobic and resistance training reduced body fat in older men.
  • RCT: In PE classes, a mastery approach, which allows children to drive their own physical activity, elicits more time spent in MVPA.
  • Listening to music during exercise increase the metabolic efficiency by improvement of perceived exertion rate and increased anaerobic threshold.
  • Educating the Student Body: Taking physical activity and physical education to school - Report Release Meeting May 32, 2013.

Epidemiology

  • The associations of perceived neighborhood disorder and physical activity with obesity among African American adolescents.
  • Population-adjusted street connectivity, urbanicity and risk of obesity in the U.S. 
  • The geographic concentration of U.S adult obesity prevalence and associated social, economic, and environmental factors.

Evolution, Ecology, & Energetics

  • The lifespan-reproduction trade-off under dietary restriction is sex-specific and context-dependent.  
  • Basal metabolic rate can evolve independently of morphological and behavioural traits.
  • Costs of colour change in fish: food intake and behavioural decisions.
  • The effect of hydration state and energy balance on innate immunity of a desert reptile.

Drugs

  • Efficacy and safety of lorcaserin in obese adults: A meta-analysis of 1-year randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and narrative review on short-term RCTs.  
  • Association of long-term treatment of hypogonadal men with testosterone with sustained weight loss.
  • US patent for vaccine treatment of obesity is awarded.
  • Clinical utility of phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia™) combination for the treatment of obesity.

Commentary

  • Ascent to altitude as a weight loss method: The good and bad of hypoxia inducible factor activation.
  • Standards and classification: A perspective on the 'obesity epidemic'.
  • Energy efficiency as a unifying principle for human, environmental, and global health.
  • Articulating Fatness: Obesity and the Scientific Tautologies of Bodily Accumulation in Neoliberal Times.
  • Wishful thinking about food deserts.
  • Can a weight loss of one pound a week be achieved with a 3500-kcal deficit? Commentary on a commonly accepted rule.
  • Obesity treatment paradigms should target those at risk for diabetes.

Clinical

  • Parent-only vs. parent-child (family-focused) approaches for weight loss in obese and overweight children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  • RCT: Stress management can facilitate weight loss in Greek overweight and obese women.
  • RCT: Executive function training with game elements for obese children.
  • In Trials, weight loss is associated with an increase in both bound and unbound testosterone levels.
  • Packaged diet foods may spur more weight loss.
  • The internal circadian clock increases hunger and appetite in the evening independent of food intake and other behaviors.

Body Composition

  • Of mice, rats and men: Trabecular bone architecture in mammals scales to body mass with negative allometry.
  • Getting to the height of the matter: the relationship between stature and adiposity in pre-pubertal children.
  • Evidence for two types of brown adipose tissue in humans.

Basic

  • Cloning of the heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) gene and its tissue-specific expression profile in the Lanzhou fat-tailed sheep, Ovis aries.
  • Extract of Cinnamomum cassia twigs inhibits adipocyte differentiation via activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
  • Role of circadian clock gene expression in metabolic adaptation upon switching from high to low carb diets with replacement by fat.
  • Evidence for transgenerational metabolic programming in Drosophila.
  • Exposure to light at night increase weight and accelerates aging and carcinogenesis in female 129/Sv mice.
  • Metabolic regulation of brain response to food cues.
  • Developmental origins of a novel gut morphology in frogs.

Announcements

  • 3rd Short Course on Statistical Genetics and Genomics.
  • IOM Webcast and Meeting: Creating Equal Opportunities for a Healthy Weight - A Workshop - June 6-7, 2013.
  • IOM Weight of the Nation for Kids airs Tuesday, May 7, beginning at 5:30 pm ET/PT.
  • Using mice in research: Everything not in the literature - Jackson Laboratory webinar May 16, 2013.
  • Q&A with the USDA –Webinar July 9, 2013.
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